Lecture -1 Structural Analysis

Lecture Series on Structural Analysis II by Prof. P. Banerjee, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay For more Courses visit nptel.iitm.ac.in



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What Are The Common Problems Encountered On Project Management Work-Civil And Structural Engineer?

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One of the tasks of civil engineer is the project management. Wherever a project commence, it is starting of 'live' of project problem until it has been completed build. Below are some of common problems that civil engineer may faced:

1. Project commenced without acknowledgment of civil engineer. It is common especially for small scale of project; such as single unit of structure like bungalow. Engineer will only alert whenever problem is happened at site; and problem is unable to resolve it by contractor. Contractor will like to build it without interruption of engineer.

2. Even though civil engineer aware about the construction work, some of un- responsible contractor will try to do some work in the time that engineer is unable to present. As for example; contractor carry out the concreting work after office hour especially in the evening, nighttime and public holiday. Once concreted, engineer is unable to inspect it.

3. Whenever construction started, un-experience contractor will do work by referring to civil engineering drawings without read in-conjunction with other professional drawing such as architecture, mechanical and electrical drawings. As a result, there will be a number of hacking during or after completion of structural works. It incurred a number of arguments and costs.

4. Even though an inexperience contractor is read engineering drawings, somehow contractor is build to their own knowledge; especially from contractor previous project. If previously contractor had been built a number of pad footing foundation, contractor obtain a piling foundation project. The contractor will try to change it to pad footing foundation by his own knowledge. Or even in pad footing foundation, contractor will change pad footing to smaller size. It will end up with structural problem.

5. Some irresponsible contractor will ignore engineer instruction. Contractor will build to his own knowledge. Contractor will always persuade client that contractor is builder. Contractor tells client that he is more site experience than civil engineer. Engineer has not much site building experience. Most of the time, client will agree with contractor because contractor shown client with physical construction works and engineer without much of physical product. These will continue until problem happened and unable to resolve by contractor. Finally, they will seek for engineer advice.

6. Contractor perform cost cutting on project work. Now days, project cost is very competitive. In order to obtain a project by bidding, some contractor may lower down the bidding cost to below the cost. When project is awarded, contractor will perform unnecessary cost cutting. This will endanger client.

7. When client is contractor and contractor is client, civil engineer will be in difficult position on dealing with client and contractor. There will be always in conflict of interest.

These problems may faced by civil engineer. How to overcome them will mainly base on engineer experience. Junior engineer shall not advice to send them to resolve these matters. Anyway, junior engineer shall be in guidance of senior engineer whenever problems are being solved.

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Structural 3D Modeling - Important Aspect For Structural Engineering

Structural 3D Modeling is an important aspect of structural engineering and civil industry. Without using 3D modeling engineers can't imagine to build any kind of structure. It widely used to build high rise buildings with maximum accuracy. In the past time there is no such technology available so all the work done on paper. Structural engineers were making handmade sketches working accordingly but there was not surety of 99% accuracy. To get maximum accuracy and stable building professional structural engineers have introduced structural Modeling.

If you are going to build any kind of building you must have to pay attention on each and every phase like loads, locations, stress etc. 3D modeling allow you to view your whole building structure on your computer from all the angles. So it allows you to make changes according to your requirements. Structural modeling can be described as perfect technique to create accurate 3D models for all type of structures.

To create a perfect structural 3D model is not an easy task. Engineers must have to pay attention from start to end. These 3D models provide you detailed information in to digital formats. You can get exact idea for geometrical area, space around building, parking details and lighting. These phases must be completed with maximum accuracy as once the building is built it is always costly to make changes.

Structural 3D Modeling used to build various types of buildings described as below:

• Commercial buildings
• Residential buildings
• Industrial structures like power plants, refinery, chemical plants, chimney, bunkers, tunnels, bridges and sky scrapers
• Modular structures
• Universities and educational institutes

In past time only commercial and residential buildings were built but today it is need of all countries to build power plants and factories to get unique identification among whole the world. For big industrial set up structural modeling must required as it provide less complexity.

So due to such importance it works as a live template for all structural engineers, builders, contractors. Various structural firms are offering vast infrastructure at low cost for 3D modeling so by outsourcing you can save your precious time and cost.

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Let us Prioritize Structural Engineering Employment

Looking for a job seems impossible nowadays with economic and social problems that continuously arise in every nation. Almost everybody is greatly affected by this matter. Yet, there are job offers for you outside your country and certain courses that are demand. It is like fashion. Today it is very popular and tomorrow it is no longer the trend. Just like right now, it is good to know that structural engineering employment is becoming a priority since most nations are turning industrialized and structural engineers are just lucky to land a job in some prestigious companies.

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Structural Civil Engineering

Structural civil engineering is one of the many fields involved in civil engineering. They have the responsibilities of designing buildings and machinery. The main goal of a structural civil engineer is to design a structure, no matter the type, that is built with strong integrity, with massive attention paid to reliability and safety of the structure.

What types of things require structural civil engineering? Thousands of things, specifically large items that require a great deal of planning, designing, and attention to detail. For example, a structural engineer might design large machinery such as cranes, or larger pieces of medical equipment or furniture. A structural engineer might also built various vehicles such as watercrafts, spacecrafts, aircrafts, and large trucks.

However, structural civil engineering in the construction field has to do with tunnels, dams, retaining walls or other walls, bridges, and buildings. They are responsible for the systems and elements that support these structures. There are many elements that go into designing the structure system of a building or any large item for that matter. They have to design large items that have the ability to resist collapse, keeping safety in mind. They also have to keep other things in mind as well, such as how well the building functions for a business or residence.

Structural civil engineering is responsible for every aspects of a building's support. This means they are responsible for designing floors, columns, and beams. They have to decide what materials can be used and the load capacity of these materials. They are also responsible for determining how energy, heat, and moisture will interact within the building and its materials.

They carry further responsibility for determining the power of the structure to withstand water, wind, earthquakes, tsunamis, the structure weight, as well as sabotage or acts of violence. Essentially the integrity of a structure relies on the experience, knowledge, and expertise of those within the civil engineering field.

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Structural Engineering Standards

The history of structural engineering, a trial and error. Knowledge and understanding that had been there for him, handed down from generation to generation. Today, structural design standards are written, and very detailed.

One way to understand the structural design standards is to think of a flood of cards. There are codes and standards, which cover almost all eventualities, fire codes, building codes, electrical codes, local codes,Regional codes and regulations. There are security code. All these codes are minimum standards for construction and is the responsibility of structural engineers to fulfill all, while the actual construction or design a structure that does not require the emptying of the time at Fort Knox to pay for it.

This can be a difficult task for the structural engineer. The architect, there is freedom for a little 'more in artistic creation. Dream things and sayThis is as it should be, but the structural engineer does not have the luxury of dreams. Their world is a world of practice, what works and what does not. The engineer may rely on codes, in many cases to support his arguments, because if a structure is not in harmony with them, can not be built.

All standards of structural design are not from the legislature, but. SEI, which is a community of civil engineers in American Society of Civilengineers and International Institute of Structural Engineering with members in 105 countries, have helped to raise to do the same. The field of Civil Engineering has accepted its responsibility in an attempt to create structures that are practical and above all safe for people being used, and even live or work in them.

The green movement has begun to affect the structural engineering to some extent. The need for structuresHarmony with the environment has become a field of awareness for designers. It can be assumed that these environmental standards, must find their way to the codes and laws in the coming years, civil engineers, in order to be aware of.

The need to maintain standards of structural design is not only a necessity to stay within a strict code. This is an ethical responsibility, every time a structure must be designed to maintain the value of human resourcesLife than cutting costs and meeting schedules. In most engineering programs taught in universities today, ethics is a required course.

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